Lead :: essays research papers

choke is a lustrous, silverymetal that tarnishes in the presence of air and becomes a dull bluishgray. Soft and flexible, it has a miserable melting point (327 C). Its chemicalsymbol, Pb, is from plumbum, the Latin word for wetworks, because of falls extensive use in ancient wet pipes. Itsatomic number is 82 itsatomic weight is 207.19.Lead and lead compounds female genital organ be highly toxicwhen eaten or inhaled. Although lead is absorbed very slowly into thebody, its rate of excretion is even slower. Thus, with constant exposure,lead accumulates gradually in the body. It is absorbed by the red bloodcells and circulated through the body where it becomes concentrated inthe soft tissues, especially the liver and kidneys. Lead can cause damagein the central nervous system and apparently can damage the cells makingup the blood-brain barrier that protects the brain from many bruising chemicals.Symptomsof lead poisoning include loss of appetite, weakness, anemia, vomiting,and con vulsions, sometimes leading to permanent brain damage or death.Children who ingest chips of old, lead-containing paint or are undefendableto dust from the deterioration of such paint may exhibit symptoms. Levelsof environmental lead considered nontoxic may also be involved in change magnitudehypertension in a significant number of persons, according to studiesreleased in the mid-1980s. As a result, the U.S. Centers for Disease Controlin recent years birth been revising downward the levels of environmentallead that it would consider safe. At one time, lead poisoning was commonamong those who worked with lead, but such workplace hazards have been largely curtailed.Lead has been used by humans since ancient times.It was used in ancient Egypt in coins, weights,ornaments, utensils,ceramic glazes, and solder. Lead is mentioned in the Old Testament. TheRomansconveyed drinking water in lead pipes, some of which are still in operation.Roman slavesextracted and prepared the lead, describes a disease amongthe slaves that was clearly lead poisoning. Because of their potentialtoxicity, lead water pipes are no longer being installed. The greatestsingle use of lead metal today is in the plates of storage batteries forautomobiles.The protective oxidation bottom formed by lead in contactwith such substances as air, sulfuric acid,and fluorine makes it highlyresistant to corrosion. For this reason, lead has been used to makedrainpipepipes and lead chambers in sulfuric acid factories. It is also used asa roofing material. Thesoftness and malleability of lead make it effectivefor sheathing telephone and television cables. Lead isused in solderbecause of its low melting point. When combined with tin, lead forms solder

Essay --

It was a regular Saturday afternoon. The sun was come to the fore, the birds were singing and the flowers were blossoming. Everything was perfect in my little neighborhood. I was rightful(prenominal) acquiring ready to go to my cousins house. My cousin and I were like best friends, we forever and a day hung out together, and played together, we practic every(prenominal)y did everything together. Sometimes shed take to my house and sometimes Id go to hers, it was very convenient living in the same neighborhood. I grabbed my back pack, including a recollect for emergencies only, my pocket edition just in case, and my diary a sm exclusively book that I took everywhere with me. I was all set, I hugged my parents and kissed them goodbye and was on my way. I had always gone walking to her house, since she didnt live very far. At my cousins house we played board games and laughed as we watched some cartoons, when her pay off had fixed to take us shopping for some sweets. As we a pproached our destination I saw a blind part sitting on the grounds in front of the store with a cardboard sign that read Its a beautiful day and I atomic number 50t thus far live it. He was all simply with a cup in his hands with probably only a few quarters in there. I was wooly as to why this man was all alone, where was his wife, his children? I was only 13 and believed that everyone had a family and a perfect life, conjecture my disappointment eyesight the man alone on the ground. We entered the store and grabbed a few Kitkats and some chips and headed back outside, walking towards the car. I see the man, just staring, people passing by, non nevertheless looking at him, and just ignoring him as they go on with their daily lives. I went back to my cousins house, not thinking frequently of it. long time later, my mother and I come back to the same store to ge... ...ned the Global Humanitarian Action Award for her work around the cosmea. She continues to travel the world to earn attention to global issues (bio. True History). Closing Angelina Jolies work around the world has saved many lives she has helped more people than I can count. She has worked impregnable to earn her title as ambassador of UN, and she disserves it. Angelina has done some strange things in the past, but she makes up for it by taking time out of her cross schedule and helping others. That feeling I had as a kid seeing that blind man on the ground is what I imagine she feels seeing people is Syria, Cambodia, Jordan and much more. Angelina Jolie does have flaws, and may not always make the best decisions and thats because shes human, but her work in all those countries, and all the money shes donated to charity is what makes her 2013s person of the year. Essay -- It was a regular Saturday afternoon. The sun was out, the birds were singing and the flowers were blossoming. Everything was perfect in my little neighborhood. I was just getting ready to go to my cousins house. My cousin and I were like best friends, we always hung out together, and played together, we practically did everything together. Sometimes shed come to my house and sometimes Id go to hers, it was very convenient living in the same neighborhood. I grabbed my back pack, including a phone for emergencies only, my wallet just in case, and my diary a small book that I took everywhere with me. I was all set, I hugged my parents and kissed them goodbye and was on my way. I had always gone walking to her house, since she didnt live very far. At my cousins house we played board games and laughed as we watched some cartoons, when her mother had decided to take us shopping for some sweets. As we approached our destination I saw a blind man sitting on the ground in front of the store with a cardboard sign that read Its a beautiful day and I cant even see it. He was all alone with a cup in his hands with probably only a few quarters in there. I was confused as to why thi s man was all alone, where was his wife, his children? I was only 13 and believed that everyone had a family and a perfect life, imagine my disappointment seeing the man alone on the ground. We entered the store and grabbed a few Kitkats and some chips and headed back outside, walking towards the car. I see the man, just staring, people passing by, not even looking at him, and just ignoring him as they go on with their daily lives. I went back to my cousins house, not thinking much of it. Days later, my mother and I come back to the same store to ge... ...ned the Global Humanitarian Action Award for her work around the world. She continues to travel the world to draw attention to global issues (bio. True History). Closing Angelina Jolies work around the world has saved many lives she has helped more people than I can count. She has worked hard to earn her title as ambassador of UN, and she disserves it. Angelina has done some strange things in the past, but she makes up for it by t aking time out of her busy schedule and helping others. That feeling I had as a kid seeing that blind man on the ground is what I imagine she feels seeing people is Syria, Cambodia, Jordan and much more. Angelina Jolie does have flaws, and may not always make the best decisions and thats because shes human, but her work in all those countries, and all the money shes donated to charity is what makes her 2013s person of the year.

The Significance of Philosophical Scepticism Essay -- Philosophy Philo

The Significance of Philosophical skepticism In answer to the question What can we know? anyone who gives a pessimistic answer is labelled a sceptic. Scepticism is associated with incredulity. A sceptic is someone who questions things (particularly received opinions) and also practices suspension of judgement. This questioning outlook has been labelled by some as practical scepticism. However, philosophical scepticism involves more than this. Its essential element is a general persuasion about human knowledge. In the broadest terms, philosophical scepticism holds, or at least finds irrefutable, the view that knowledge is impossible. There are two features of philosophical scepticism which differentiate it from everyday sceptical outlooks. The first has to do with its strength. The more challenging sceptical arguments do not depend on imposing high standards for knowledge or justification. Rather, the scepticism they imply is radical. It is not just the case that we can have all ki nds of great reasons for what we believe, though those reasons do not quite measure up to the standards required by genuine knowledge. The radical sceptic questions whether we ever have the slightest reason for believe one thing rather than another, so we can never even get to the point of justified belief, never mind whether our justifications are sufficient for knowledge, in some more restricted sense. The second crucial feature of philosophical scepticism concerns its scope. The philosophical sceptics negative verdict on human knowledge is extremely general. This generality explains why philosophical scepticism formulates its challenge in terms of the possibility of knowledge. it is not merely the case that we in fact know a good deal less t... ...sophy. Penguin Reference.(1996). pp. 502-503. Morton, Adam. doctrine in Practice %151 An Introduction to the Main Questions. Blackwell.(1996). Chapter 1. pp. 3-35. Moser, Paul. The Blackwell Guide to Epistemology. (Eds. Greco, J. and Sosa, E.). Blackwell.(1999). Chapter 2. pp. 70-91. Scruton, Roger.Modern Philosophy An Introduction and Survey. Mandarin.(1994). Chapter 2. pp. 16-22. Shermer, Michael. A Skeptical Manifesto. The Skeptic, vol. 11, Spring 1992. pp. 15-21.http//www.skeptic.comWarburton, Nigel. Philosophy The Basics. Routledge.(1992). Chapter 4. pp. 93-111. Williams, Michael. The Blackwell Guide to Epistemology. (Eds. Greco, J. and Sosa, E.). Blackwell.(1999). Chapter 1. pp. 35-69. Wittgenstein, Ludwig. Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. (Translated by Pears, D.F. and McGuinness, B.F.). Routledge. (1961). Section 6.51, p73.

FDR vs Clinton :: American America History

FDR vs ClintonThe domestic policies and administrations of Franklin Delano Roosevelt and William Jefferson Clinton are in some ways similar, but in opposite ways very different. The two men were very domestic-oriented presidents, focal point largely on America, and not the outside world. Both Democrats, they supported Federal Government programs to attention the American People. These programs were not necessary, but the presidents felt that they would aid Americans. Roosevelt created some(prenominal) gambols for the unemployed. He did this with such acts as the Unemployment Relief modus operandi, which created the Civilian Conservation Corps, the Civil Works regime gave temporary jobs to the unemployed during an especially harsh winter, and the Works put across Administration spent about $11 billion employing people to work on governing body projects. Roosevelt also provided for money to be given to states to help affix employment. This includes the Federal Relief Administ ration, that gave $3 million to states to pay wages for work projects as hearty as direct dole payments. The Tennessee Valley Act dammed up the Tennessee river and created jobs, inexpensive hydroelectric power, cheap nitrates, improved navigation of the river, low cost housing, reforestation, and the restoration of decay soil. Clinton has also worked for lower unemployment rates. During the first two years of Clintons administration, 6 million jobs were created 7.7 million during the first 34 months. Americorps, formed to help people pay for college and job training, helped to tutor students, immunize children, and restore urban parks. Clintons Northwest set Plan was contrived to provide jobs in the Northwest and preserve ancient forests at the alike time. Since Clinton became president, the unemployment rate has decreased from 7% to 5.6% and the United States currently has its low combined rate of inflation and unemployment since the beginning of Nixons Administration in 1968. Clinton has also continued some(prenominal) programs that were pioneered by Roosevelt, such as Social Security and lodge Security. Clintons Social Security Independent Agency Act, Interstate Banking Bill, and the Community Development Banking Financial Institutions Acts grow can be traced back to Roosevelts Social Security Act of 1935 and Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act. Both Clinton and Roosevelt also advocated the rights of workers. Roosevelt secured the unions right to form and to bargain with a representative of their choice with his National Labor Relations Act, and created a minimum wage, maximal hours, and limited the ages of young workers with his Fair Labor Standards Act.FDR vs Clinton American America HistoryFDR vs ClintonThe domestic policies and administrations of Franklin Delano Roosevelt and William Jefferson Clinton are in some ways similar, but in other ways very different. The two men were very domestic-oriented presidents, focusing largely on America, an d not the outside world. Both Democrats, they supported Federal Government programs to aid the American People. These programs were not necessary, but the presidents felt that they would aid Americans. Roosevelt created many jobs for the unemployed. He did this with such acts as the Unemployment Relief Act, which created the Civilian Conservation Corps, the Civil Works Administration gave temporary jobs to the unemployed during an especially harsh winter, and the Works Progress Administration spent about $11 billion employing people to work on government projects. Roosevelt also provided for money to be given to states to help increase employment. This includes the Federal Relief Administration, that gave $3 million to states to pay wages for work projects as well as direct dole payments. The Tennessee Valley Act dammed up the Tennessee river and created jobs, inexpensive hydroelectric power, cheap nitrates, improved navigation of the river, low cost housing, reforestation, and the restoration of eroded soil. Clinton has also worked for lower unemployment rates. During the first two years of Clintons administration, 6 million jobs were created 7.7 million during the first 34 months. Americorps, formed to help people pay for college and job training, helped to tutor students, immunize children, and restore urban parks. Clintons Northwest Forest Plan was contrived to provide jobs in the Northwest and preserve ancient forests at the same time. Since Clinton became president, the unemployment rate has decreased from 7% to 5.6% and the United States currently has its lowest combined rate of inflation and unemployment since the beginning of Nixons Administration in 1968. Clinton has also continued several programs that were pioneered by Roosevelt, such as Social Security and Bank Security. Clintons Social Security Independent Agency Act, Interstate Banking Bill, and the Community Development Banking Financial Institutions Acts roots can be traced back to Roosevelts Social Security Act of 1935 and Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act. Both Clinton and Roosevelt also advocated the rights of workers. Roosevelt secured the unions right to form and to bargain with a representative of their choice with his National Labor Relations Act, and created a minimum wage, maximum hours, and limited the ages of young workers with his Fair Labor Standards Act.

Ancient Greek Medicine Essay -- Greek History

Ancient Greek MedicineWhile Greek Medicine particularly from the 5th century B.C onwards, increasingly used scientific manner to develop cures, there still however remained people that considered treat to be a religion. The ancient Greeks (Hellenic) make important discoveries about the human system and health, so by the sixth century BC, medicinal practices focused largely on a to a greater extent clinical approach involving observation. Their discoveries were made by firstly poring over the human anatomy using dissection and vivisection, finding ways to heal using things such as plants and herbs, then finally practising surgery on the human body using different instruments.Before the scientific method developed, most people still saw medicine as a religion, and believed that superstitions, evil spirits and punishments caused unsoundness from the gods. The best-known ancient Greek physician Hippocrates, made several important medical discoveries in Ancient Greece. He was born on the island of Cos, living from 460 B.C. - 377 B.C., and is grand as the Father of Medicine. He was the first man to make medicine a profession and to see medicine as a science and not a religion. Hippocrates devised an oath, which every new doctor still swears to this day.Hippocrates and his followers looked at the cause of the disease rather than the symptoms. Hippocrates saw that diseases came from natural causes he discovered that thought came from the conceiver and not from the heart, and he saw that the body needed to be treated as a whole and not just a series of parts. The surmisal of the four humours originated from the works of Aristotle. The idea of Humours is usually credited to Claudius Galen, a Greek physician of the second century A.D. But although he organized the idea more accessibly, he was probably not its creator. Centuries earlier, in the fourth century B.C., Hippocrates wrote of the bodily humours in his Hippocratic Corpus.The physician believed that the body was made up of four components or four humours. The four components are Blood formed at the heart Spring Air, Phlegm in the brain Winter Water, Yellow Bile in the liver Summer Fire and Black Bile in the spleen Autumn Earth. Hippocrates argued that when these four fluids were out of balance disease occurred. The ideal place for a good balance of humours was (naturally) found in the centre of Greek ... ...that the strigil, a curved piece of metal with a handle used for scraping crude and sweat off the body after exercise was often used to get into small openings, so as Galen said, After having heated the fat of a squirrel in a strigil, insert it into the auditory canal.The invention of these instruments meant they improved as new shapes were devised. Gradually new metals and alloys were found to provide sharper edges and cheaper equipment. Most instruments were made of bronze and occasionally silver. Iron was never used as it was forbidden by the Greeks and so never used on religious grounds. Some instruments were construct by specialist blade makers who specialized in medical instruments rather than by an ordinary craftsman.The Romans employed many Greek physicians and through them the Greeks discoveries in medicine gradually spread throughout the ancient world. Greece was a country that gave birth to some of the most important medical pioneers in human history. Through continual studies, they changed people from seeing medicine as a religion. Their study of disease and the human body to the scientific method has resulted in the advanced medical companionship we have today.

Mean Spirit :: Essays Papers

Mean SpiritOur story takes place on an oil- risque Native American town, called Watona, on a reservation in Oklahoma. The cut through of the story extends from 1918 to the mid-twenties.There is a multitude of characters that accompany this story. One of the most important characters is Nola Blanket, a young teenager who is a full-blooded Osage Indian. She is a real delicate girl but still very strong. Her mother, Grace Blanket, is a very beautiful, well-liked young woman who is very outgoing and fun-loving. Belle Graycloud is a feisty, strong-willed Indian woman. She is well respected and is the commanding grandmother of her household. Her family is very close to the Blankets, who are distant cousins. Belles daughter, Lettie, is a close friend of Grace. Letties lover, Benoit, is an Osage man that is matrimonial to Graces crippled sister, Sara Blanket but he is more like a brother and caretaker to her than he is a husband.Michael Horse is the fire keeper of the Osage tribe , but he also writes in his spare time. He is an old man who observes everything around him and writes it down in his journals. Stace Red Hawk is a Sioux Indian that works for the FBI. He became a federal agent in hopes of helping the Native Americans and protecting them from being taken advantage of. John Hale is a tall, lanky white rancher and oilman. He is trusted by the Indians, and seems to be a generous and helpful person.Watona was a small Indian town that prospered due to the rich rivers of oil flowing beneath it. As part of the Dawes Act, each Indian was allowed to choose an allotment of land not already claimed by white Americans. Although the clx acres of land per Indian seemed generous, the land was barren and dry. The government did not know, however, that black oil seeped up out of the earth, and many Indians became very wealthy because of their shadowy pieces of land. As a result of the Indians wealth, hundreds of white businessmen, fortune-hunters, traders, th ieves, and swindlers s fervided to the reservation to make cash. When Grace Blanket is murdered by John Hale on a warm summer morning, it is made to look like a suicide and the local law enforcement passes it off as such.

Buddhists’ religious beliefs with regard to health and healthcare

Buddhism is considered as both a philosophy and a religion involving a number of practices, beliefs and traditions based on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, commonly referred to as Buddha the awakened one. Buddha, who lived in the northeastern part of India in the 6th and the 4th centuries BCE, taught about dukkha (helping the sentient beings escape suffering), achievement of nirvana as hale as about escaping what Buddhists believe, is the cycle of suffering and re throw. The religion has got two branches the Theravada and the Mahayana (Coward & Rattanakun, 1999).While these two branches enjoy a widespread following across Asian countries, Buddhism has bad tremendously over the centuries and can now be found in every part of the world. Considered one of the world largest religions, the current estimates by different sources coiffure the followers of Buddha at about 1. 5 to 1. 6 billion people. The understanding of ill health by westerners and Buddhists is similar but the la tter group lays more(prenominal) emphasis on having a balance interaction between the body and the mind and also between emotional state and the environment as the source of full(a) health.According to Buddhists, when this balance is upset, illness would arise. In correcting such imbalances, the Buddhists practices stress the need for a spiritual strength couple with an overriding sense of purpose in vitality which is based on a compassionate service for others (Coward & Rattanakun, 1999). According to Buddhists, this does not only make it possible for a person to create value counterbalance when faced with the severest of adversities like sickness or disease but enables one to learn from the experience for his or her personal growth.Since Buddhists believe in rebirth, human birth is considered as the start of a highly precious opportunity. To them, it is a unique occurrence since it presents an opportunity for the full development of human mind as well as realization of the co mpassion. With regard to conception, Buddhists believe that a child is conceived when intendedness merges with an already fertilized egg. It is then therefore that life begins. It is for this that Buddhists permit birth control methods that hold conception but prohibit abortion. Death in Buddhism is an important occurrence and is viewed as a transition to the next life.A lot of spiritual energy is dedicate to death and there are practices that must be observed to provide peace for the dying people. According to the Buddhists, death occurs in stages which involve disintegration of lifes physical elements into various subtle elements which culminates into the disappearance of the consciousness from the body (Coward & Rattanakun, 1999). Because when a person dies peacefully he or she would have high chances of a better rebirth, Buddhists strive to composed and calm the mind of the dying person through prayers and some special texts.Buddhism is a religion full of rituals that are g eared towards promoting health. The Theravada Buddhists are known to burn the bodies of the dead. Because the body of the Buddha was cremated, this group of Buddhists practices this ritual in every part of the world. When a person is dying, monks are invited to comfort him or her. Prayers and verses are said to them to prepare them for their peaceful death. The bodies are then burn upon death (Coward & Rattanakun, 1999). A major conflict between Buddhism religious beliefs and the popular medical kitchen-gardening is on the bioethical decision making.While Buddhists uphold life and consider it sacred and therefore everyone should continue to live as much as possible, they do not believed that this should be promoted at all cost (Coward & Rattanakun, 1999). For example, Buddhists have little regard for the life support machines which they consider useless when the mind is no longer conscious. Being conscious and feeling less pain are the two basic factors that determine when a person should die according to Buddhists. Once the conditions are extreme, Buddhists believed that it would be grant to die and therefore a natural and peaceful death would be much in order.In conclusion, it is clear that the views on health by Buddhists and the modern medicinal drug are quite incompatible. However, they can be used to complement each other. An understating of the Buddhists perspective on health and healthcare may serve to widen the image of the modern medicine through adoption of the rich philosophies of Buddhists on health and life. References Coward, H. G. & Rattanakun, P. eds (1999). A cross-cultural dialogue on health care ethics, Wilfrid Laurier University twitch Toronto.

Supply Chain Risk Management

Supply Chain Risk Management is the concept of trying to foresee disruptions to timely supply of goods or services indispens fitted by the organisation and creating systems to mitigate these at the lowest possible cost to the organisation and by so doing ensure that there lead be doggedness in the normal operations of the business. Supply chain risks get down the potential to cripple a business operations and clear have farseeing and terse landmark effects which may be difficult to recover from.A delay along a route is a short term problem whereas the social movement of a monopoly supplier in the chain holding up stocks to force an increase in prices or shutting down for some(prenominal) reason is long term. Certain types of disruptions ar both difficult to anticipate and r atomic number 18, but very damaging when they occur for example, natural disasters such(prenominal) as earthquakes atomic number 18 difficult to prophesy but have the potential to ruin entire factorie s and road networks wreaking havoc to the entire supply chain.Disruptions to supply faeces be judge and countered by grammatical construction inventory or by having multiple redundant suppliers since it is highly unlikely to encounter a scenario where multiple suppliers are simultaneously disrupted. twain of these processes mass be described as building supply chain reserves. Concept of Risk Risk can be perceived from various angles unmatchable of its basic definitions world the probability of threat of quantifiable damage, injury, liability, loss or any other negative occurrence that is caused by external or familiar vulnerabilities and that may be avoided through pre-emptive action.1 In developing an agnizeing of risk, it is necessary to incorporate its two fundamental facets the first creation the exposure to the uncertainty and the second being the true(a) outcomes upon occurrence of the stock-stillt. 2 Hence, risk can be expressed as the product of probability and c onsequences of an level(p)t. Along with this, one must also be able to know the sources of the identified risk. 2 It is common to analyse risk by means of a matrix with 2 dimensions, probability and consequences but such an compendium has the main disadvantage of being reliant on risk perception.Risk perception depends on time, experience, location, attitude, position and possibilities to decide and scale of events. 2 It is also heavy to pull in that risk has no technical value in and of itself, hence in developing a risk management process, the aim is to always do it at a borderline cost. 3 Risk Variety An overview of business risks in general is useful in insureing supply chain risk. Risks can be externally driven (environmental, external factors, competitors, customers, regulations), internally driven and decision driven.3 At times, managing supply chain risk may be difficult because of the interconnection of unmarried risks and actions that mitigate one risk may end up ex acerbating another. For example, nitrogen gas used for bottling in large amounts may displace the topical anaesthetic anaesthetic atmosphere and cause asphyxiation. Increasing topical anaesthetic stores may minimise the effects of a shortage of supply but immediately it increases storage costs and the opening move of leaks in a larger vessel.Broadly speaking, risks can be categorized as those that bring about delays in the supply chain and those that disrupt the normal flow. 4 Delays The occurrence of delays in material flows is the result of either of several possible factors such as Inflexibility of suppliers hence inability to respond to changes in contract Poor output at supplier plants High levels of handling or inspections at border crossings In a scenario where these are frequent, historical trends can be used to create a forecasting tool against which with proper require planning, these effects can be mitigated.In the local anaesthetic carapace of SZL, sugar is may be delayed by a day or two at the Limpopo Border post and analysis of past trends has allowed a conclusion to be worn that a token(prenominal) and maximum stock level of 3 days and 1 week cover is sufficient to both cover for these drawbacks and at the resembling time neither be too much of an impedance to the cash flow of the organisation nor create a significant rise in local storage costs. Disruptions Disruptions by nature tend to be infrequent, difficult to predict and forecast but very damaging when they occur.Examples that fall under this category allow labour strikes, terror strikes and fires. Some disruptions have effects that transcend over various industries and can even be international such as earthquakes or the tsunami in Japan in recent memory. Disruptions also adversely affect material prices which can pose a significant problem to business operations. These can be countered by building inventories or having multiple redundant suppliers. The decision making process however as to which path of action is governed by the by-line factors Cost of inventoryCost of keeping inventory Accuracy of prediction of the disruption and available in piddleation Rate of obsolescence of material whilst in inventory Likelihood of disruption For instance, MM juice concentrates are a high cost in storage, requiring refrigeration to maximise on lifespan but the decision is made to keep a significant amount within stock because of the uncertainty of the supply delivery time and the reality that upon the sea, there may be unforeseen disruptions.However, in the case of bottle pre plaster bandages, not more than a weeks cover is normally kept because of the usual reliability of the suppliers and low likelihood of low supply. A recent incident however has necessitated to review this as an intra-factory incident at Megapak caused a mini-crisis within the organisation. Risk Handling Often, the strategies employed by companies protect against continual relatively low imp act risks in the supply chain but tend to ignore high impact low likelihood risks.Suppliers with quality problems set up a common perennial problem (labels with SZL for instance). Top manufacturers will deal with the range of supply chain risks encountered by holding reserves in the form of excess inventory, excess capacity and redundant suppliers. 4 The key challenge facing management is to intelligently position and sizing of supply-chain reserves with a minimum impact on profits i. e. attain the greatest possible profit regardless of the level of supply chain risk and achieving this in an efficient manner.To growth a risk management strategy that will work, it is necessary to first create a shared organization-wide understanding of supply-chain risk and then determine how to hold general risk-mitigation approaches to local organizational circumstances. 4 This is achieved by stress testing and tailoring. Stress Testing This is a team exercise that aids managers and their organ izations to both understand and prioritize supply-chain risk. A what-if scenario analysis can be employed to assist the key players to focus on the supply chain 1-link at a time.It is a brainstorming exercise that helps the company prepare for unforeseen events rather than the platform to debate the likelihood of such events. Such an exercise allows for risk-mitigation priorities to be made for the near, modal(a) and long term. In addition to this, it leaves all involved parties with a clear idea of what risks might have an impact on sales, procurement costs, revenues, prices and possibly even reputation. 4 Tailoring Tailoring is the process of suiting the response to a risk to the organization and continuously monitoring to ensure that procedures and systems in place are suitable for the purposes of the business.Supply Chain Risk ManagementSupply Chain Risk Management is the concept of trying to foresee disruptions to timely supply of goods or services required by the organisation and creating systems to mitigate these at the lowest possible cost to the organisation and by so doing ensure that there will be continuity in the normal operations of the business. Supply chain risks have the potential to cripple a business operations and can have long and short term effects which may be difficult to recover from.A delay along a route is a short term problem whereas the presence of a monopoly supplier in the chain holding up stocks to force an increase in prices or shutting down for whatever reason is long term. Certain types of disruptions are both difficult to anticipate and rare, but very damaging when they occur for example, natural disasters such as earthquakes are difficult to predict but have the potential to ruin entire factories and road networks wreaking havoc to the entire supply chain.Disruptions to supply can be anticipated and countered by building inventory or by having multiple redundant suppliers since it is highly unlikely to encounter a scenario where multiple suppliers are simultaneously disrupted. Both of these processes can be described as building supply chain reserves. Concept of Risk Risk can be perceived from various angles one of its basic definitions being the probability of threat of quantifiable damage, injury, liability, loss or any other negative occurrence that is caused by external or internal vulnerabilities and that may be avoided through pre-emptive action.In developing an understanding of risk, it is necessary to incorporate its two fundamental facets the first being the exposure to the uncertainty and the second being the actual outcomes upon occurrence of the event. 2 Hence, risk can be expressed as the product of probability and consequences of an event. Along with this, one must also be able to know the sources of the identified risk. 2 It is common to analyse risk by means of a matrix with 2 dimensions, probability and consequences but such an analysis has the main disadvantage of being reliant on r isk perception.Risk perception depends on time, experience, location, attitude, position and possibilities to decide and scale of events. 2 It is also important to realise that risk has no technical value in and of itself, hence in developing a risk management process, the aim is to always do it at a minimum cost. 3 Risk Variety An overview of business risks in general is useful in understanding supply chain risk. Risks can be externally driven (environmental, external factors, competitors, customers, regulations), internally driven and decision driven.At times, managing supply chain risk may be difficult because of the interconnection of soul risks and actions that mitigate one risk may end up exacerbating another. For example, nitrogen gas used for bottling in large amounts may displace the local atmosphere and cause asphyxiation. Increasing local stores may minimise the effects of a shortage of supply but immediately it increases storage costs and the casualty of leaks in a lar ger vessel.Broadly speaking, risks can be categorized as those that bring about delays in the supply chain and those that disrupt the normal flow. 4 Delays The occurrence of delays in material flows is the result of either of several possible factors such as Inflexibility of suppliers hence inability to respond to changes in demand Poor output at supplier plants High levels of handling or inspections at border crossings In a scenario where these are frequent, historical trends can be used to create a forecasting tool against which with proper demand planning, these effects can be mitigated.In the local case of SZL, sugar is may be delayed by a day or two at the Limpopo Border post and analysis of past trends has allowed a conclusion to be move that a minimum and maximum stock level of 3 days and 1 week cover is sufficient to both cover for these drawbacks and at the same time neither be too much of an impedance to the cash flow of the organisation nor create a significant rise in local storage costs. Disruptions Disruptions by nature tend to be infrequent, difficult to predict and forecast but very damaging when they occur.Examples that fall under this category include labour strikes, terror strikes and fires. Some disruptions have effects that transcend over various industries and can even be international such as earthquakes or the tsunami in Japan in recent memory. Disruptions also adversely affect material prices which can pose a significant problem to business operations. These can be countered by building inventories or having multiple redundant suppliers. The decision making process however as to which path of action is governed by the hobby factors Cost of inventoryCost of keeping inventory Accuracy of prediction of the disruption and available information Rate of obsolescence of material whilst in inventory Likelihood of disruption For instance, MM juice concentrates are a high cost in storage, requiring refrigeration to maximise on lifespan but t he decision is made to keep a significant amount within stock because of the uncertainty of the supply delivery time and the reality that upon the sea, there may be unforeseen disruptions.However, in the case of bottle preforms, not more than a weeks cover is normally kept because of the usual reliability of the suppliers and low likelihood of low supply. A recent incident however has necessitated to review this as an intra-factory incident at Megapak caused a mini-crisis within the organisation. Risk Handling Often, the strategies employed by companies protect against recurrent relatively low impact risks in the supply chain but tend to ignore high impact low likelihood risks.Suppliers with quality problems dissemble a common recurrent problem (labels with SZL for instance). Top manufacturers will deal with the range of supply chain risks encountered by holding reserves in the form of excess inventory, excess capacity and redundant suppliers. 4 The key challenge facing management is to intelligently position and sizing of supply-chain reserves with a minimum impact on profits i. e. attain the greatest possible profit regardless of the level of supply chain risk and achieving this in an efficient manner.To increase a risk management strategy that will work, it is necessary to first create a shared organization-wide understanding of supply-chain risk and then determine how to set general risk-mitigation approaches to local organizational circumstances. 4 This is achieved by stress testing and tailoring. Stress Testing This is a team exercise that aids managers and their organizations to both understand and prioritize supply-chain risk. A what-if scenario analysis can be employed to assist the key players to focus on the supply chain 1-link at a time.It is a brainstorming exercise that helps the company prepare for unforeseen events rather than the platform to debate the likelihood of such events. Such an exercise allows for risk-mitigation priorities to be m ade for the near, moderate and long term. In addition to this, it leaves all involved parties with a clear idea of what risks might have an impact on sales, procurement costs, revenues, prices and possibly even reputation. 4 Tailoring Tailoring is the process of suiting the response to a risk to the organization and continuously monitoring to ensure that procedures and systems in place are suitable for the purposes of the business.

Structural Functionalism vs Conflict Theory

Structural functionalism and conflict guess have some different points of view. One of them is that structural functionalism sees society as a complex system, that permit it to interact cohesively, and looks society as a macro-level orientation while the conflict theory focuses on the social system that lonesome(prenominal) work for a select few of society and is known because the struggle for dominance among social groups that compete for scarce resources. Knowing this, How different structural functionalism views sexuality than conflict theory does in a society?Gender differences are viewed from functionalism as an efficient way to create divisions and specializing of cooperative labour into specifically draw tasks and roles. Also, it is viewed as a social system where particulars segments are responsible for specific labor acts.These division of labor are very efficient because create a maximum use of resources. This theory has been criticized for reifying gender roles. In fun ctionalist perspective gender roles contribute to social relations.Conflict theory has a different look of gender. In this theory gender is viewed as an attempt from male to keep power and privilege over female, and males are seen as the dominant group while females are seen as the subordinate group. The only reason why gender roles still embody is because to maintain their power and status the dominant group is still working for that.There exist some difference about how this two theories, functionalist and conflict perspective sees gender and what is the importance in society. In my personal opinion Im more than with the idea that functionalism have with gender.

Epistemology and Descartes Essay

In both Platos Allegory of the Cave and Descartes The Fourth Meditation, they discuss equity what it is, where it comes from and how to divers(prenominal)iate it from falsehood and error. Platos paper is more than metaphorical and uses imagery to paint a picture of his idea of truth, while Descartes is more straight forward, and uses examples. These papers are written very differently scarcely are, at the same time, very similar when it comes to content. Although its not word for word, these two papers complement each other very well when it comes to define truth and explaining its origin.In Allegory of the Cave, Platos view is that our senses, such as sight, skew our understanding of true slamledge. We are, for all intense and purposes, chained at the cervix and ankles, unable to move. Our world is a cave lit by a fire disguised as the sun. We only see what is before us our shadows, our falsities and errors. However, on the rare occasion that we break free from our chains, we are able to experience true knowledge. We understand the world around us and realize what we once mind we knew isnt real. We view things in a new perspective, a new lightsunlight.This is what Plato believes truth is. The cave where men are chained is, essentially, a mask, covert Earths true identity. Once that mask is taken off, we know Earths true identity, we understand. One may relate being unshackled to an epiphany, or divine intervention. Its an experience of something so pure, so insightful you know it to be true. And once we have experienced this pure truth, we must outcome to the cave populated by shadows and lit with an artificial sun. We must do to this so we can share our true knowledge with others, so they too, may mavin day be unchained. In The Fourth Meditation, Descartes rationalizes deitys Will, and all of imperfections, through a series of questions and answers. In this paper, Descartes describes God as the source of goodness, truth and being. He is infinite. T he opposite of God, Descartes states, is nothingness. So, since we humans exist, Descartes explains we must be somewhere in between these two extremes. We are neither infinite, nor are we nothingness. We are finite, as God willed us to be. We consist of being and non-being. Andany imperfection we may have is not a result of our being, rather our non-beingour error, in other words. Descartes says that when we know we know something, we are 100 percent sure about it. We have no feelings against it. Its a sudden realization, an epiphany perhaps. And in this state, our judgments are certain and true. Descartes also dialogue about how we can not know anything certainly, without caseing at the whole picture. For example, scientists cannot expect to prove or disprove Gods existence by looking at specific, finite things in the universe.Or if people try to disprove God by saying there is evil in the world, they arent looking at the big picture. For, in the big picture, Descartes thinks the re would be an explanation, a purpose for evil. So even though Plato and Descartes give very different types of explanations about truth, and its origin, they come to similar conclusions. They both view truth as something beyond our ordinary senses. They both suggest taking a look at the bigger picture to find truth (being unchained/understanding Gods infinite being). And they both agree that, when the truth is know, it needs to be shared.